[18] The poenale sanctie (penal sanction) was a legal penalty in both Suriname and the Dutch East Indies. The poenale sanctie was a part of the Koelie Ordonnantie ('Coolie Ordinance') of 1880 and stipulated that a plantation-owner could punish his workers in any manner he saw fit, including fines.
[19] An advisory body for the colonial government made up mostly of dutch and indies nationals, not to be confused with the \emph{volksraad} which was a later institution borned out of the ethical policy that allowed educated aristocrats of the Indonesian population to participate.